![]() venetus, Melittis melissophyllum, Tanacetum corymbosum, Silene coronaria, Potentilla micrantha, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Brachypodium pinnatum, Physospermum cornubiense, Hellebrous odorus, H. Herb layer: Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum, Lathyrus niger, L. terebinthus, Viburnum tinus, Erica arborea. Shrub layer: Cornus mas, Viburnum lantana, Ligustrum vulgare, Ruscus aculeatus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa, Cotinus coggygria, Corylus avellana, Cornus sanguinea, Euonymus europaeus, Buxus sempervirens, Rubus ulmifolius, Paliurus spina-christi, Hippocrepis emerus, Pistacia mutica, Juniperus excelsa, Phillyrea latifolia, Arbutus unedo, Pistacia lentiscus, P. monspessulanum, Pyrus pyraster, Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia, Carpinus orientalis, Acer tataricum, Tilia tomentosa. No man-induced very high population levels of ungulatesĬanopy trees: Quercus pubescens, Q.No signs of eutrophication or pollution.Absence of non-native species in all layers (flora & fauna).Survival of larger stands of forest without anthropogenic fragmentation and isolation (to support fauna which needs large undisturbed forests).Long historical continuity (ancient woodland) with high species diversity.Presence of natural disturbance such as treefall openings with natural regeneration.Presence of old trees and a variety of dead wood (lying or standing) and the associated flora, fauna and fungi.Typical flora and fauna composition of the region.Structural diversity/complexity with (semi)natural age structure or completeness of layers.foetidus, Mercurialis ovata and Viola hirta are characteristic through much of the range, with many other species occurring in particular regional types. The herb layer is rich with sub-Mediterranean species making a prominent contribution: Lithospermum purpurocaeruleum, Lathyrus venetus, Melittis melissophyllum, Tanacetum corymbosum, Silene coronaria, Potentilla micrantha, Vincetoxicum hirundinaria, Physospermum cornubiense, Hellebrous odorus, H. etrusca, Tamus communis, Rubia peregrina and Hedera helix the most consistent species throughout. ![]() Lianas are common with Clematis vitalba, Lonicera caprifolium, L. terebinthus, Viburnum tinus and Erica arborea. To the west, Buxus sempervirens and Rubus ulmifolius occur, to the southeast Paliurus spina -christi, Hippocrepis emerus, Pistacia mutica and Juniperus excelsa and, in the warmer south, evergreen Mediterranean species such as Phillyrea latifolia, Arbutus unedo, Pistacia lentiscus, P. The light shade cast by the oaks and thinning of the canopy characteristically permit a dense shrub layer among which Cornus mas, Viburnum lantana, Ligustrum vulgare, Ruscus aculeatus, Crataegus monogyna, Prunus spinosa and Cotinus coggygria are frequent along with more mesic shrubs like Corylus avellana, Cornus sanguinea and Euonymus europaeus. monspessulanum and Pyrus pyraster, with Fraxinus ornus, Ostrya carpinifolia and Carpinus orientalis commoner in the south-eastern regions, Acer tataricum and Tilia tomentosa mainly in the more Continental east. In less modified stands there is a second tier of trees with, across much of the range, Sorbus torminalis, S. canariensis replace these oaks as dominants. virgiliana are common associates, with Q. frainetto becoming important from Italy eastwards. Quercus petraea and Q. robur remain important in the sub-Continental thermophilous woodlands of the Czech Republic, Poland, Slovakia, Romania, Ukraine and the northern Balkans but, across much of the range through France, northern Spain, Switzerland, northern Italy, the Pannonian Basin, around the Adriatic and in Greece, Q. The canopy, rarely very tall, is dominated by thermophilous and drought-resistant deciduous (and some evergreen) trees, among which oaks are the commonest contributors to an upper tier. ![]() To the north, they tend to occupy lower altitude, drier and warmer sites, to the south, rainier sites at higher altitudes, but the relief and parent materials differ widely across the range and the weakly base-rich to moderately acidic soils are of varied types. These thermophilous broadleaved deciduous woodlands form a wide, but interrupted, belt across the submediterranean zone of Europe, with milder winters and warmer drought-prone summers than sustain the broadleaved temperate woodlands, but colder, intermittently frosty and snowy winters than are typical for the evergreen broadleaved woodlands and scrub of the Mediterranean.
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